Literiture+Review

Literature review

Norfazliana bt Mohamad Kasim Title: Analysis and modeling of flooding in urban drainage systems Author: **Theo G. Schmitt, Martin Thomas and Norman Ettrich** [|Journal of Hydrology], [|Volume 299, Issues 3-4], 1 December 2004, Pages 300-311 This article is about the development of an integrated planning and management tool to allow cost effective management for urban drainage systems. The paper outlines the regulatory background of European Standard EN 752 defining flood frequency as the one hydraulic performance criterion. The phenomenon of urban flooding caused by surcharged sewer systems in urban drainage systems is analyzed leading to the necessity of dual drainage modeling. A detailed dual drainage simulation model is described based upon hydraulic flow routing procedures for surface flow and pipe flow.

References: i. []

Title: A conceptual model of cumulative environmental effects of agricultural land Author: **Harry Spaling and Barry Smit** [|Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment], [|Volume 53, Issue 2] , April 1995, Pages 99-108 Drainage modifies flow regimes and contributes a mechanism for the spatial movement of water and contaminants from one location to another. Potential cumulative effects of drainage include the repeated addition of drain water to receiving streams (time crowding), the systematic gathering of contaminants at higher concentrations relative to the source (spatial crowding) and their transport from agro ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems downstream (cross-boundary movement), and the severing of natural areas resulting in altered landscape structure and functioning (spatial fragmentation). The model hypothesizes that, as drainage density increases, changes in environmental components or processes manifest themselves as cumulative  effects, and that these effects accumulate at broader temporal and spatial scales. References: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3Y-3YYT6G2-9&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F1995&_alid=1418374350&_rdoc=11&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=4959&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=115072&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4e6241781ba83cdcef94c22c211d5937